ABSTRACT
World Health Organization (WHO) has assessed that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as an epidemic. However, an effective antiviral for COVID-19 is still uncertain. Since the onset of the outbreak, the scientific and clinical community keep proposing many agents that would have efficacy against COVID-19. Arbidol is an indole core with proven effectiveness against influenza over the past few years apart from critics. The concrete hypothesis of arbidol interaction with spike glycoprotein prevents the entry of virus. Further, demonstrated clinical efficiency of arbidol against RNA virus and broad-spectrum inhibition of influenza A and B virus, adenovirus, and other viruses, including hepatitis C virus, drives us to seek more understating of the molecule and its clinical possibilities. In this review, we attempt to describe the many possible hypotheses of arbidol against Covid-19.
ABSTRACT
Anti-malarial agent hydroxychloroquine known to treat autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The long time believe of molecules which are interfering human cell membrane environment may block the viral entry into the cell. Further, Increment of intra cellular pH spoils organelles required acidic homeostasis. Augmented molecular evidences including glycosylation inhibition in viral proteins and hindering glycoprotein expression are the prominent for hydroxychloroquine ability as anti-viral. The ability of inhibiting UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerases enzyme which involved in sialic acid biosynthesis produces grater anti-viral properties with virus which use sialic acid moieties as receptors. Over a decade hydroxychloroquine have shown promising effect with Human Immuno Deficiency virus, type A and B influenza viruses, H5N9 avian influenza virus, H5N1 type A avian influenza virus and recent pandemic of SARS Covid-2. The influence of hydroxychloroquine extended to Toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathways in plasmacytoid dendric cells and antigen-presenting cells plays vital role in immune activation, which is major contributor for viral load. However, effects like lysosomotropism and Autophagy are also having great consideration of molecular mechanism of Hydroxychloroquine for its anti-viral properties.